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The Euclid space telescope observed 1.2 million galaxies in just 1 year: Here's what we've learned | Space Skip to main content Don't miss these Astronomy How the James Webb, Euclid and Roman space telescopes could team up to hunt supermassive black holes from the dawn of time Astronomy Euclid space telescope sees gorgeous cosmic cloud | Space photo of the day for Nov. 18, 2025 Dark Universe This is the largest-ever galaxy cluster catalog. Could it reveal clues about the dark universe? 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Probably not Astronomy Black holes that transform matter into dark energy could solve 'cosmic hiccups' mystery James Webb Space Telescope JWST compares gravitational lensing | Space photo of the day for Oct. 10, 2025 A diagram showing a "galactic tuning fork" demonstarting the evolution of galaxies as observed by Euclid (Image credit: ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA, diagram by J.-C. Cuillandre, L. Quilley, F. Marleau) After only one year of operations, the European Space Agency's Euclid mission has begun to unravel the mystery of why galaxies take on different shapes and how these different shapes relate to each other. Answering this question involves tracking how galaxies and their central supermassive black holes grow together over time.Having only launched in July of 2023, the Euclid space telescope has used its extraordinary field of view to observe a staggering 1.2 million galaxies. These galactic subjects are cataloged in the spacecraft's first data release, which dropped in March of 2025. It is estimated that, by the end of its 6-year primary mission, Euclid will have studied tens of millions of galaxies. It is therefore little wonder that astronomers are expecting it to make major waves in our understanding of how galaxies evolve."Euclid offers an unprecedented combination of sharpness and sky coverage — it will map the entire extragalactic sky," Maximilian Fabricius, scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), said in a statement. "For the first time, we can systematically study how the shapes and central structures of galaxies relate to their formation history on truly cosmic scales." You may like How the James Webb, Euclid and Roman space telescopes could team up to hunt supermassive black holes from the dawn of time Our universe's oldest galaxies were hot messes Euclid space telescope sees gorgeous cosmic cloud | Space photo of the day for Nov. 18, 2025 Scientists are aware that the distinct morphology of galaxies, ranging from vast spirals like the Milky Way to featureless ellipticals like Messier 87, results from the course of their evolution. Euclid data has been used to create a "galactic tuning fork" diagram that shows blue star-forming galaxies on the right, moving to the left as they grow and exhaust their star-birthing gas and dust, merge with other galaxies, and eventually form vast elliptical galaxies.Galaxies grow with their black holesFabricius and colleagues began their research by diving into Euclid data and identified galaxies that show potential "secondary nuclei." These have the potential to join with the existing nuclei to create a supermassive black hole binary. This is a vital stage in the merging of galaxies and helps dictate how the central regions of these galaxies are reshaped during these events.The identified nuclei both host a supermassive black hole with a mass millions or even billions of times the mass of the sun, which are brought together via the merger between their host galaxies. These black holes initially form a binary system, swirling around each other. But as they orbit each other, this system emits ripples in spacetime called "gravitational waves," which carry angular momentum away from the system.This causes the black holes to spiral together until they collide and merge, creating an even more massive supermassive black hole. That means black hole growth via merger is an inevitable outcome of the merger of galaxies that gives rise to huge elliptical galaxies. But before that comes a relatively short "double nuclei" period.Get the Space.com NewsletterBreaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!Contact me with news and offers from other Future brandsReceive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors"The most massive black holes lie at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies and are thought to grow primarily through mergers with other supermassive black holes," Fabricius said. "By detecting and analysing secondary nuclei, Euclid enables us to explore how these enormous black holes continue to grow — and how their growth influences the galaxies that host them." An example of galaxy with a second nuclei as the result of a merger (Image credit: ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/MPE)The first data release from Euclid only covers around 0.5% of the dataset that the mission will ultimately deliver — but the space telescope has already enabled other forms of research.The sensitivity of Euclid has already revealed that the most common galaxies in the cosmos are not spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, but rather small and faint dwarf galaxies, which have been too dim to observe in detail previously.Thus far, Euclid has identified 2,674 dwarf galaxies, some of which contain compact blue cores or globular clusters. This is significant to the evolution of galaxies because it is these dwarf galaxies that are thought to be the building blocks of larger galaxies like the Milky Way.Thanks to Euclid, our view of the galactic tuning fork is changing and becoming far more detailed, leading to a better understanding of galactic structure and evolution. Robert LeaSenior WriterRobert Lea is a science journalist in the U.K. whose articles have been published in Physics World, New Scientist, Astronomy Magazine, All About Space, Newsweek and ZME Science. He also writes about science communication for Elsevier and the European Journal of Physics. Rob holds a bachelor of science degree in physics and astronomy from the U.K.’s Open University. Follow him on Twitter @sciencef1rst. You must confirm your public display name before commenting Please logout and then login again, you will then be prompted to enter your display name. Logout Read more How the James Webb, Euclid and Roman space telescopes could team up to hunt supermassive black holes from the dawn of time Our universe's oldest galaxies were hot messes Euclid space telescope sees gorgeous cosmic cloud | Space photo of the day for Nov. 18, 2025 Astronomers finally find elusive, dust-shrouded supermassive black holes at ‘Cosmic Dawn’ The largest-ever simulation of the universe has just been released Are 'little red dots' seen by the James Webb Space Telescope actually elusive 'black hole stars'? Latest in Astronomy Walk through the asteroid strike that killed the dinosaurs with American Museum of Natural History's new 'Impact' exhibit The James Webb Space Telescope may have finally found the 1st stars in the universe As our black hole images get more detailed, we may find Einstein wasn't quite right about them Do the cores of dead stars exist forever? 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The Euclid space telescope observed 1.2 million galaxies in just 1 year. Here's what we've learned